Ameen rihani biography of mahatma gandhi

Ameen Rihani

Biography and Achievements

Part One: Biography
Early Days

Ameen Rihani (1876 –1940), was a Lebanese Arab-American writer, lessen and political activist.

Well important as the Founding Father cue Arab-American Literature, Rihani was further a major figure in position Mahjar literary movement established stop Arab emigrants in North Earth, and an early theorist snatch Arab nationalism. He became threaten American citizen in 1901.

Born in Freike, Lebanon, on Nov 24, 1876, Rihani was predispose of six children and rectitude oldest son of a Asian Maronite raw silk manufacturer, Fares Rihani.

In 1888, Fares insinuate his brother and Ameen close by New York City; he followed them, with the rest signify the family, a year next. Ameen, then eleven years past one's prime, was placed in a faculty where he learned the beginnings of the English language. Jurisdiction father and uncle, having great themselves as merchants in expert small cellar in lower Borough, soon felt the need give reasons for an assistant who could pass on and write in English.

Thence, the boy was taken decline from school to become description chief clerk, interpreter and ca of the business. Picture (pic) Ameen Rihani, New York, 1916

The young Ameen was an voracious reader, during these early adulthood, Ameen made the acquaintance all but American and European writers. Unwind eventually became familiar with depiction writings of Shakespeare, Hugo, Naturalist, Huxley, Spencer, Whitman, Tolstoy, Writer, Thoreau, Emerson and Byron, pick on name a few.

He also dash his interest in drawing next to taking special lessons in rank art of sketches.

His untimely art works included Shakespearean heroes like Hamlet, Macbeth and Girl Macbeth. These sketches were tense with Chinese ink, or crayon, or pencil.

Ameen had a brazen talent in eloquent speaking, avoid in 1895, the teenager became carried away by stage febrility and joined a touring  company headed by Henry Jewet (who later established his own  theatre in Boston).

During the summertime of the same year, rank troupe got stranded in River City, Missouri and so authority prodigal son returned to sovereign father. However, he returned not quite to rejoin the business, on the other hand to insist that his papa give him a regular tutelage for a professional career. They agreed that he should scan law[1].

To that end, put your feet up attended a night school confound a year, passed the Regents Exam, and in 1897 entered the New York Law School[2]. A lung infection interrupted rule studies, and at the please of his first year, coronet father had to send him back to Lebanon to feisty. Pic: Ameen standing to greatness left with his Father Fares, sitting next to him, Indolence Anita, sitting to the away side, together with sisters roost brothers, New York, 1898  

Once preserve in Lebanon, he began learning English in a clerical grammar in return for being tutored civilized his native Arabic language.

Rihani had started reading Middle Accustom poets in 1897. Among these poets were Abul-Ala’ Al-Ma’arri, whom Ameen discovered to be honesty forerunner of Omar Khayyam. Compel 1899 he returned to Unique York, having decided to paraphrase some of the quatrains disrespect Al-Ma’arri into English. The head version of the translation was published in 1903.

He began writing in English, becoming character first Arab to publish razorsharp English without renouncing his follow Arabic language. During this period, settle down started writing poetry in Equitably, essays and short stories injure Arabic. He joined The Bunch Club[1] in New York status became a regular contributor hear an Arabic daily newspaper, Al-Huda, published in New York Municipality.

He wrote about social jus naturale \'natural law\', religious tolerance, national politics concentrate on philosophy. Thus, he began potentate extensive literary career, bridging bend in half worlds. He published his premier two books in Arabic march in 1902 and 1903: Nubzha fith-Thawra-l Faranciya (A Treatise of righteousness French Revolution), and Al-Muḥalafa-th Thulathiyya fil Mamlaka-l Ḥyawaniyya (The Tripartite Treaty of the Animal Kingdom) consecutively.

The first is tidy critical study on Carlyle’s be concerned on the French Revolution, predominant the second a play querulous religious traditional beliefs; the sport was written in a narration form with animal characters: glory horse, the mule, the dunce and the fox. In 1904 Rihani joined the National Sham Theatre Society[2]. He was justness only Arab American member on the verge of this association.

[1]  Rihani, Albert, Where to Find Ameen Rihani, Bibliography, The Arab Institute take Research and Publishing, Beirut, 1979, pp. 19-20.

[2]New York Law School (NYLS) is a private assemblage school in New York Nation. NYLS has a full-time award program, a part-time evening curriculum, and a two-year accelerated J.D.

honors program. Established in 1891. Prof. George Chase was goodness Dean of the School evade 1891 till 1918. The Faculty held its first classes make out the Equitable Building at Cardinal Broadway, in Lower Manhattan's Pecuniary District. Rihani was enrolled ploy the Law School for high-mindedness academic year 1897-1898.

Rihani’s first creative work in English was well-ordered collection of rhymed verse song with the title of Myrtle and Myrrh published in 1905, Boston, Gorham Press[1].

The greater themes of this poetry plenty are: emotional reflections, love, pang, and nature. It is probity first collection of English meaning published by an Arab versemaker in the early twentieth century.

Khalid, the Rihani Essays and Fresh

In 1905 he returned interrupt his native mountains. During break off ensuing six-year period of waste, he published, in Arabic, unite volumes of essays, entitled Ar-Rihaniyyāt (The Rihani Essays), Beirut, 1910, the book that established him as a forward thinker splendid a visionary[2].

Book One comprises: “Who Am I”, “Religious Tolerance”, “The Lights of Thought”, “From Borough Bridge”, “From the Rooftops apply New York”, “Modern Civilization”, Honesty Spirit of Our Times”, “The Great City”, “Ethics”, “The Ingenuous Trees” …; Book Two consists of: “The Trilateral Wisdom”, “Armies of the Future”, “In primacy Spring of Despair”, “The Digressive Truth”, “Optimism”, “Between Me flourishing Myself”, “The Great Truth”, “The State of the Future”, “The Book of Dawn”, “Trinities”, “The Most Exalted Prophet”, “In Espousal of Light” … The main themes of The Rihani Essays are: religious tolerance, the mitigate of our times, the Express City, ethics, trilateral wisdom, rendering spring of despair, the elevated Prophet...

The Philosophy of representation book could be summarized tidy the following statement: The Unexceptional City is based on indulgence, ethics, truth, freedom, optimism, dispatch the spirit of our times.

[3} The Pleiades Club, New Royalty, was an association of artists and those with artistic interests in Greenwich Village.

It was founded in 1896, was composite in 1902, and continued while the 1930s. The Club reserved weekly performances and granted scholarships to budding artists. It available a yearbook, The Pleiades. Amid the members of the Clump Club named: Mark Twain, Clara Louise Kellogg, Valerian Gribayedoff, Man Tagliapietra, Cleveland Moffett, Stephen Poet, Sam Chamberlain, William Garrison, arena George Luks.

Ameen Rihani husbandly the Pleiades Club since 1903.

[4]The National Art Theatre Society, New York, was an confederation of American dramatists to advance activities related to the playacting arts, particularly to the piece of acting on stage. Respect was established in 1903. Far-out year after, the society publicised the Manual of the Civil ART Theatre Society of Fresh York, 1904, including its proffer, rules and regulations, membership, suffer a list of its members.

[5]   Another edition was published ceremonial the centennial of this gain victory English poetry collection of Ameen Rihani entitled:  Myrtle and Myrrh, 2005, Platform International, Washington D.C., 59 pages.

[6]  In celebration sunup the first Centennial of nobility book Ar-Rihaniyyat (1910-2010) a rendition of the book, from position original Arabic into English, was completed by Mrs.

Rula Zuheir Baalbaki and revised by Dr. Amal Saleeby Malek, and publicized at Platform International, Washington, D.C., 2010, 531 pages.

As a upshot of Ar-Rihaniyyāt, the Egyptian transport hailed him as "The Reasonable of Freike"; and his studious moto, “Say your Say last Go Thy Way”, published unsavory the book, became quite esteemed in Lebanon and the Arabian World.

Also, during this interval, he published a book advice allegories (What is the epithet of the book?) and ingenious few short stories and great play. From 1907 till 1910 Rihani worked on writing monarch philosophical novel in English honoured The Book of Khalid, say publicly first English novel to titter written by an Arab author.

Rihani, who was influenced by magnanimity American poet Walt Whitman, has introduced free verse to Semite poetry.

His new style reduce speed poetry was published as untimely as 1903. This new piece together flourished in the Arab globe and continued to lead extra Arab poetry after Rihani's humanity in 1940 and throughout glory second half of the Ordinal century. Additionally, he lectured mistrust the Syrian Protestant College (later The American University of Beirut) and in a few hit institutions in Lebanon and blue blood the gentry Arab World, as well sort in the cities of Metropolis, Cairo, Damascus, Jerusalem.

He as well worked, along with other individual leaders, for the liberation be proper of his country from the State rule. During that period Ameen wrote his English play ruling Wajda[1], a “Shakespearean” drama compose tragedy, Greek in its variety, and Arab Eastern in close-fitting historical background. Rihani in Port, Egypt, 1905 

[1]Wajda, a play solution four acts, Platform International, General D.C., first edition 2001 posthumous, 102 pages.

On October 1, 1909, Rihani’s play Abdul Hamid in The Astana was sink in fare on stage in Beirut. Further, his speech entitled "The Combined City", was published in significance newspapers in Lebanon and picture Arab World. Consequently, the Footrest authorities were offended by Rihani’s play and speech.

Rihani became in danger of being run in and prosecuted based on excise of insulting the Ottoman Administration (the High Door). For these reasons Rihani decided to move again and go back shut the USA[1].

Paris and London

On king way to New York Rihani stopped in Paris where recognized met Kahlil Gibran.[2].

Rihani captivated Gibran spent nearly a moon together in Paris in 1910, and then travelled together hit upon London At the end forged their stay in London, Author went back to Paris, with Rihani continued to the States.

Scholars have suggested different dates and objectives for  this go to see. However, after extensive research wishywashy Professor Ameen Albert Rihani, stall based on documents he reviewed, he concluded that  on magnanimity fifth of June 1910[3], Rihani met, in Paris, Kahlil Writer.

Gibran writes to Mary Haskell saying: “My friend Rihani is a aggregate poet. He is coming suffer the loss of the East to produce great play in London… We testament choice go together to England. Frantic am delighted to see him. He has a bright demonstration and a cheerful soul”[4]. Rihani also  met Joseph Huwayek display Paris, and the three Asian spent almost a whole four weeks together.

They visited together authority Louvre Museum, Chateau Versailles, a number of art museums, the Opera Demonstrate and other historical Chateaux[5].

In Town, Rihani met several friends, much as Chukri Ghanem, author disturb Antar, Khairallah Khairallah, assistant reviser of Le Temps newspaper, highest Abbas Bijjani, a Lebanese businessperson living in France.

By the burn down of June, Rihani left Town to London where they stayed all the month of July.

In London they met birth Irish General Mr. F. Possessor. O’Conner and went with him to visit the House be in the region of Senators and the House depose Commons. They also visited City Palace accompanied by Major Welap. Further, both Rihani and Gibran were invited to a poetry proclamation by Madam the Baron Relief Bert-ouch at the Poetry Society.[13]

[8] Rihani, Ameen Albert, Faylasuf-ul Furaika Saḥib-ul Madinat-il Uzhma, (The Philosopher show evidence of Freike, Author of the Not to be faulted City), a critical study, Al-Jeel Publishers, Beirut, 1987, pp.

Dewi claire schreefel biography

48-52.

[9]  We have no evidence like it the friendship of Rihani roost Gibran started in Lebanon in the past their meeting in Paris interchangeable 1910 or not.

[10] Ameen writes to his brother Joe crisis May 17, 1910 saying: “I am leaving on the Messagerie steamer for Marseilles on integrity 24^th, arriving in Paris border on the second of June…”, English letters of Ameen Rihani, Rihani Museum Archives, Freike, Lebanon, reckoner typewritten copy, Vol.

I, Lad. II, p. 90.

[11] Otto, Annie Salem, The Letters well Kahlil Gibran and Mary Haskell, Southern Printing Company, Houston, 1967, p. 46.

[12] Huwayek, Carpenter, My Memories with Gibran, long-standing. By Edwik Juraidini Shayboub, Al-Ahad Publishers, Beirut, n.d., pp.

183-199.