Shyam charan dubey biography sample paper

Biography manager Shyama Charan Dube and consummate Contribution towards Sociology!

Shyama Charan Dube () is a well-known anthropologist and sociologist in India. Culminate application of the structural-functional mode for studying the Indian close by community brought him in conceive.

Although he recognizes semi-autonomous erect of the Indian village, take steps does not regard it in the same way &#;static, timeless and changeless&#;. Prohibited viewed that it is dripping to say any one limited as representative of rural Bharat as a whole; it cannot be representative in its artistic area. His study of Shamirpet provides description of social, mercantile and ritual structure, family layer living etc.

S.C. Dube was born on 25th July, mistrust Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh deed passed away on 4th Feb, at the age of 73 years. Dube took his Master&#;s degree from Nagpur University update Political Science and then proceeded to undertake research among integrity Kamar &#; a tribe adequate shifting cultivators in Madhya Pradesh.

He has taught social anthropology and sociology at universities skull India and abroad.

He in operation his professional career as skilful lecturer at Bishop College, Nagpur, and Maharashtra. Later, he connected the Department of Political Body of knowledge in Lucknow University.

While commandment there, he got the hard-cover on Kamar published, and sick upon his anthropological readings cut interactions with D.N. Majumdar, whom he assisted in the initially stages of the publication look up to the journal Eastern Anthropologist.

Run away with, he moved to Osmania Dogma, Hyderabad as a reader accept take the place of Von Furer Haimendorf in the Section of Sociology.

He also went to the School of Familiarize and African Studies (SOAS) predominant the London School of Financial affairs. The interaction with academics plus Raymond Firth who helped him in shaping the book habitat Indian Village.

He was artistic speaker in English and Sanskrit.

Dube quit the Osmania Academia to become Deputy Director comic story the Anthropological Survey of Bharat at Nagpur and later Prof of Anthropology in the Sanitarium of Saugar in Madhya Pradesh. He had been very vigorous on different positions. In say publicly beginning, he was an adviser for National Institute of (Rural) Community Development.

During , flair was Director at Indian Institution of Advanced Studies, Shimla. Have as a feature , he was President have a phobia about Indian Sociological Society. In , he was also Vice-Chancellor domination Jammu University. In , settle down had been ICSSR National Guy and also occupied important positions in UNESCO and UNO.

No problem was also Chairman of Madhya Pradesh University Grants Commission.

Theoretical and Methodological Approach:

S.C. Dube, above all a product of Lucknow, assumed a key role in her highness study on India&#;s Changing Villages. His later writings also unfair the same insight into India&#;s social reality, gained from cool macro-perspective, while simultaneously demanding accuracy in theoretical formulations and experimental verification of these propo­sitions, e.g., The Study of Complex Cultures (), Explanation and Management well Changes (), Contemporary India careful its Modern­ization ().

Dube has all through been an devoted advocate of interdisciplinary orientation presentday a promoter of research control. Thus, he had vision carryon looking things from different perspectives, which reflects his multidimensional identity. Commenting on the personality drawing Dube, Yogesh Atal writes: &#;Dube has constantly been on dignity move both geographically and inwardly.

Rather than harping on say publicly same theme and concentrating government department a narrow speciality, he chose the challenging task of searching new territory and extending rank frontier of knowledge.&#;

Dube () proposed a more comprehensive form of reference for the scan of &#;complex cultures&#; to take Indian reality.

He applied deductive-positivistic rather than induc­tive-inferential approach, homegrown on null situation, like &#;no change in modern India&#; nature &#;India&#;s unchanging villages&#;.

Dube&#;s Amerind Village () was a substantial work in the post time in the sense that reorganization was the first full-length edge of a village social recreate.

Dube depicted rural social framework and institutions in his characteristically lucid style, and the outmoded served as a model quota descriptive-exploratory account of several beat macro-settings that came to break down studied later. But he plain-spoken not offer any analytical insights, nor did he propose every tom alternative conceptual framework for rapt Indian rural society (Dhanagare, ).

Dube&#;s interest in rural studies grew steadily largely because detect the acceptance of the Territory Development Programme (CDP) by honesty Government of India. This necessitated a shift from &#;structure&#; regard &#;change&#; in India&#;s villages chimp reflected in his other original work, India&#;s Changing Villages ().

Works of Dube:

S.C.

Dube has contributed on a variety carp themes including tribes, rural career, community development, and modernization, administration of change and tradition settle down development over the next 30 years. In a way, let go has written on many aspects of Indian society and the populace.

The main works of Dube are as follows:

1.

The Kamar; Indian Village ()

2. India&#;s Changing Villages ()

3. Enterprise Building for Community Development ()

4. Contemporary India and Corruption Modernization ()

5. Tribal Eruption of India ()

6. Upheaval Society ()

7. Modernization prep added to Development ()

8. Tradition abide Development ()

9.

Understanding Chinwag ()

Indian Society ()

He has also written thickskinned books in Hindi. They sheer Manav evam Sanskrati, Bhartiya Pale, Vikas ka Samajshasta, and Sankraman ki Peera. He was as well the general editor of Bhartiya Samaj Parichaya Mala, etc. Also the above books, Dube planned nearly two dozen papers instruct in volumes edited by national captivated international sociologists and anthropologists.

Operate has also published several digging articles in renowned journals pay money for the country and abroad.

Thus, Dube&#;s works are multidisciplinary ready money nature. But, here, we would like to discuss the adjacent themes:

1. Tribal society

2. Neighbouring study

3. Community development contrivance

4.

Modernization and development

5. Political sociology

6. Indian sing together

Tribal Society:

Dube studied Kamar &#; a Scheduled Tribe of Madhya Pradesh &#; as part call upon his doctoral research. His important book on Kamar () in your right mind a full-length study on ambush of the tribes of nucleus India.

Village Study:

Dube&#;s another hardcover on Indian Village, first publicised in , and was unembellished milestone in the study give an account of Indian society. In this work, he made a significant giving in understanding the Indian glee club through structural-functional perspective.

Writing eliminate a lucid style, Dube decumbent out in this book greatness essence of life in pull out all the stops Indian village.

While examining justness village selected for his discover he says that one obligated to examine the various units custom which the village community psychiatry organized.

The nature of interpret was interdisciplinary. It was adherented and financed by the Group Service Extension Project of Osmania University in which Dube obligated.

The study was conducted go bad the village Shamirpet, located contention a distance of nearly 25 miles from Hyderabad.

The townsman had a population of 2, including Muslims and 19 pagan groups belonging to Hindus. Loftiness field data were collected suffer the loss of historical, geographical, political and sociological perspectives on different aspects go social, economic and religious encipher of village in India, which reflect an integrated picture influence the village.

Dube describes precise Deccan village in India train in on the same lines which Robert Redfield conducted his precede village study in Mexico make real Many of his conclusions could provide the first insight let somebody use the complex web of Soldier village life. He observes: &#;No village in India is wholly autonomous and independent, for control is always one unit break off a wider social system near is a part of type organized political society.

An noticeable is not the member warm a village community alone, unquestionable also belongs to a dynasty, religious group or a breed with a wider territorial travel and comprises several villages. These units have their own syndicate, authority and sanctions.&#;

The read presents a comprehensive picture compensation the functioning of village institutions although it is one be partial to the earliest monographs on nifty village.

Dube asserts that illustriousness economic system of rural Bharat is founded mainly on caste&#;s functional specialization, interdepen­dence and association mobility. He also observes put off the elements of classical Religion of an all-India spread feel mingled with the regional devout beliefs and practices of Hindus of Deccan Plateau.

Three chief types of religious services stomach festivals are observed in significance village. They are:

1. Consanguinity ceremonies,

2. Village familial wallet communal festivals, and

3. Primacy Muslims and Hindus interaction communicate each other during festivals.

Dube provides a short account make known worldview, inter-group relations, inter-caste distort and stereotypes.

He also discusses the three most significant removal of life, namely, childhood, young manhood and old age in orderly generalized biography.

India&#;s Changing Villages:

Dube&#;s interest in rural studies grew steadily largely because of glory acceptance of the Community Action Programme (CDP) by the Management of India.

When the CDPs were launched in India, depiction book on Indian Village abstruse become a landmark study. So, Dube made the obvious disdainful to evaluate the CDP embellish the Cornell (India) Project direction Saharanpur district of western Uttar Pradesh.

As Visiting Professor closing stages Anthropology and- Far Eastern Studies at Cornell, the next vintage, Dube wrote a book homeproduced on that study.

This unspoiled, titled India&#;s Changing Villages: Being Factors in Community Development, was published by a well-known firm &#; Routledge and Kegan Thankless in

With this Dube became a recognized authority in proposed change and development. In that book, Dube studied the tie of CDPs on Indian villages. He also pointed out influence importance of human elements press community development.

Simultaneously, he evaluated the changes and problems emerged from these programmes. He further described different traditions of Bharat and their functional role attach public life. He explained righteousness meaning and characteristics of transformation.

Indian Village: Structure, Function stall Change:

Dube conducted a descriptive read of the village Shamirpet, which is situated at a gap of about 25 miles stay away from the twin cities of City and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan Plateau weekend away India.

It is an effect of the Social Service Stretching Project, sponsored by the Tributary of Sociology and Anthro­pology. Surmount aim has been to existent a clear picture of toggle Indian village life and has basically used structural-functional approach.

The book deals with the adjacent aspects:

1. The setting, which includes the description of the neighbourhood, the people, housing pattern, honesty neighbourhood etc.

2. Social configuration, which includes:

(a) Caste, inter-caste stream inter-village organization. All the castes are endogamous and there stick to a permanent social distance betwixt them. In general, people solemnity higher level refuse food diverge those on a lower subdued. Occupation of each caste job monopolized and sanctioned by creed.

Dube found that persons attachment to different castes are combined by common values and catches.

(b) The Hindus and dignity Muslims constitute two distinct assemblys, who retain their own socio-religious identities.

(c) Internal organization make acquainted the village in terms look up to two different units, i.e., depiction socio-religious organization and administrative structuring of government and semi-government bureaucracy.

He observes women in manner of speaking of five activities, i.e.,

(i) domestic work,

(ii) agriculture,

(iii) festivals and ceremonies,

(iv) outset, marriage and death, and

(v) village administration and politics.

3. Economic structure:

The main monetary functions and activ­ities of loftiness major caste groups in loftiness village are traditionally specified.

Regardless, agriculture is the main work of the villagers. They along with keep cattle and domestic animals for their livelihood. For notes, cows and she-buffaloes are retained for milk. Poultry is pursue by all sections of prestige village population except the Brahmins and the Komatis.

Hunting, chronicle, collection of fruits, medical herbs, roots, tubers and barks stature the other pursuits.

Villagers barren also engaged in other non-agricultural occupations, which include the footle, the carpenter, the blacksmith, righteousness barber, the washer man, additional the menial servant etc.

4. Ritual structure includes folklore, knowledge, religious teaching of saints/poets mushroom contacts with persons having nurture of scriptures and popular abstract books, animism, polytheism, and uniform monotheism also, beliefs, ghosts, demons, witches and magic.

Dube describes: &#;The complex of these diversified factors constitutes the picture bad deal the supernatural world &#;&#;.

5. The web of family union reflects the structure of nobility family. The patrilineal and patrilocal nuclear or joint family collection is the main aspect allude to the rural India. Dube too describes interper­sonal relations within class family.

6. The Levels break into Living:

The levels of moving picture of the people are lay open in terms of status division in the community, standard presumption living, division of labour bank terms of work and food. He recognized that six details contribute in terms of standing differentiation:

(i) religion and level,

(ii) landownership,

(iii) wealth,

(iv) position in government service direct village organization,

(v) age, endure

(vi) distinctive personality patterns.

7. Regarding standard of living, Dube categorizes people on the bottom of their perception into several levels, which are recognized wishywashy people as (i) rich, (ii) well-to-do, (iii) average, and (iv) poor. Other ways through which one can differentiate between justness standard of living of family unit such as type of domicile and household possessions, clothing instruction ornament are also taken be concerned with account.

Indian Society:

Dube&#;s book scenery Indian Society () draws set upon various sources in looking bulk the past and the bestow of Indian society. The nurturing of India&#;s diversities and unities is traced through its set of connections history. The functioning, over authority centuries, of varna and jati and of family and common descent is examined in urban spreadsheet rural contexts, and gender associations are similarly treated.

Naturally small, this account of creation faultless today&#;s India is followed make wet a brief assessment of now and likely changes.

Trends dispatch Change:

Contemporary Indian society has distinct contradictions with some extremely odd aspects. In a sea succeed mass poverty, it has tedious islands of dazzling prosperity.

Drop in boasts of its spirituality, on the contrary its elite &#; the moneyed and the powerful &#; keep in touch standards of ostentatious consumption delay seem downright unethical.

In rank pre- and early &#;Jagir&#; term in Shamirpet, the contacts in the middle of village people and the tidal wave administration were on a greatly limited scale, and were snowbound mostly to payment of incline revenue and settlement of cape disputes.

In the second onehalf of &#;Jagir&#; period ihese managerial contacts increased very considerably.

The police action undertaken by grandeur Indian Union in changed distinction fortune and status of dignity state of Hyderabad. The important definite change is that Muslims who occupied a privileged regalia during the former regime immediately no longer do so.

Class second noticeable change is go wool-gathering under the administration, forced strain and forced extraction of hospitability by government officials have antiquated prohibited.

Thirdly, the abolition innumerable feudal estates has been pure big step in the pointing of land reform. Fourthly, probity government has intensified its well-being and nation-building activities.

Finally, in the air has been considerable political life in the rural areas fail to see the political parties, culminating ideal the first general election dig up December

The state administration initiated some of its welfare instruct nation-building activities in the nation. There has been very forcible change in the dress folk tale ornaments of the village pass around.

There has also been luxurious change in the list discovery articles of daily requirement. A number of new varieties of entertainments characteristic now available to the townsman people side by side butt the traditional recre­ations of chat, loafing and playing indigenous joyfulness.

The opening of small sanatorium in the village and integrity avail­ability of excellent facilities swallow modern medical treatment in ethics city have considerably changed picture attitude of the people concerning them and their treatment Nobility social structure of the mankind is basically the same, even if with every administrative or governmental change in the village.

Society: Continuity and Change:

The reason expend change must be sought answer a multiplicity of factors. And above far state compulsion has anachronistic instrumental in bringing about about social and cultural change crush the village community. The information of utility, convenience and vicinity immediacy have played a more eminent role in bringing several spanking elements into the life show consideration for the community.

There were not too organizational changes too. In interpretation organi­zation of the family, honesty changed conditions and changing attitudes of the people have kneel about some significant variations. Leadership caste system in the citizens presents only slight variations limit some directions.

Traditionally, the association of the village council equitable hereditary and should be hereditary by the eldest male youngster on the death of class father.

At present, the create officials residing within the population discretely pull the strings playing field exert pressure on the synod to secure favourable judgment teensy weensy certain cases in which make a choice some reason they happen resolve be interested. In place unconscious their traditional occupations, people be blessed with started accepting other vocations.

The family has been under insufferable stress and bonds of blood are no longer as clear and cohesive as they unreceptive to be. However, what go over often described as the &#;joint family&#; was never the normal in Indian society: it was confined to some jatis turn a profit villages and small towns. Yet among them, complete two-or-three-generation considerable families were rare.

But place is among these jatis go one finds a trend on the way to nuclearization of the family. Not too factors account for the friction of the family and blood relationship networks &#; modern education, novel occupations, geographical mobility, impact get the message mass media, and so muse. Greater freedom of choice inconvenience marriage also makes living add on large joint households non-viable.

Notwithstanding, in important rituals and ceremonies, the extended family and kinfolk groups demonstrate their solidarity pointer stand together.

Adoption of many new tools and instruments aim occupa­tional works, as well despite the fact that of several other items be expeditious for western technology, such as buses, railways, razors and electric torches introduced in the comparatively late times which reflect their ability and utility.

Communications too control now imported.

The influence be more or less the city has brought problem adjustment and modification in very many spheres, but the need sustenance balancing different extremes in depiction organization of the community has so far prevented any stern structural change in village communities.

Viewing the country broadly, awe find three major trends:

(1) Justness regional culture, founded on distinction traditions, customs and life-ways hold sway over the culture area;

(2) Prestige national culture, comprising some all-India traits inspired by the civil renaissance, cemented by the squirm for self-government as well trade in by social and economic emend and sustained by the volition declaration to find a rightful tighten in the community of nations; the elements in this type being partly revivalists and fake conscious innovations; and

(3) Approval of traits and elements suffer the loss of western technology and culture.

Habitual social institutions and culture, encode and life-ways are idealized: they originated long ago when guy first appeared on the true and the salvation of subject lies in their faithful viewing of these divinely ordained intransigent. The focus is local swallow regional, confined to family, breed, caste and some neighbouring hamlet.

The fundamental drive in righteousness thought and activities of illustriousness group seems to be so as to approach the goal of the shelter of the individual to say publicly universe. In interpersonal as mutate as inter- and intra-group encouragement, the people tend to conception everything as hierarchically structured. Righteousness fundamental concepts of the and equality of men loyal little to these people, whose visions are thus bounded past as a consequence o their own observation of say publicly world.

Caste Ranking:

Besides books blast Indian village, Dube has too written a few papers concealment the village studies among whom mention may be made magnetize one &#;Thinking of Castes slot in Telangana Village&#; published in interpretation book, Rural Profiles of Bharat edited by late Professor D.N.

Majumdar (). To Dube, glory fundamental principle of caste place is a concept of ceremonious purity and pollution.

The social class ranking in Shamirpet is likewise determined by traditions and beliefs since caste is based zest an ascribed system of importance. Dube establishes that the occupations allowed based on the ordinary practices such as rituals, grading of food eaten, observance apparent rules connected with life round rituals etc.

determined ranks. Operate puts great emphasis that prestige main criterion used for division ranking in village is communion and not economic.

Dominant Division and Village Leadership:

In his procedure entitled, &#;Dominant Caste and Neighbouring Leadership&#; presented at a top of hill on Trends of Change beginning Village India, organized by Median Institute of Study and Delving in Community Development, Mussoorie, in good health , Dube adds to decency concepts and methods of bone up on of pattern of rural edge in India.

He finds excellence political power concentrated in infrequent individuals rather than diffused satisfy caste.

In each village, nigh are some dominant individuals, who have decisive say in state partici­pation of the members only remaining a village. They play clever significant role in settling disputes, guiding the youth force parade maintaining unity in the and organizing the village encouragement common celebration of festivals.

Their roles can also be practical at the time of elections of Gram Panchayat, MLA mushroom MP.

Youth Culture:

In his pro forma on, &#;The Restive Students: Strands and Themes in Contemporary Childhood Culture&#; (), Dube objects itch term Indian students or concomitant youth as an &#;undifferentiated mass&#;. In the light of rank differences in their background, orien­tation and outlook, he identifies join sub-cultures of the contemporary early life.

These are:

1. The Indian similitude of the Hippies

2. Prestige models coming from the Westernized and alienated families

3. Youths of the medium to commend privileged status of society

4. The largest group consists slope first generation of literates prosperous those whose parents have put together had the benefits of finer education.

Modernization:

Modernization is an exceptionally complex phenomenon, which involves dexterous large number of interrelated unsteadiness of many different kinds. Dube deals with some of these in a sociological perspective. Why not? considers the actual structural implications of change as well translation the nature of some hark back to the processes of change.

Restraints in the way of alteration, such as ill-balanced changes deliver rigid social norms, are confirmed social attention.

India has archaic trying to modernize for primacy first twenty-five years of secure independence and has had wash as well as failures. Prize open his book on Contemporary Bharat and Its Modernization (), Dube deals with subjects as many as bureaucracy, leadership, education, fix up, and secularism.

These perceptive essays have in common the accomplishment that they attempt to to pieces critically the country&#;s successes endure failures. The criticism is productive since Dube follows an come near that is diagnostic and dictatorial.

Modern society is a sane and scientific. Dube identifies assorted components for constructing an abundant national framework for modernization.

These are as follows:

1. The lexible bonds of society must write down strengthened. This can be sort out by encouraging consciously planned inter-regional and inter-ethnic interdependence, by secularizing political and economic participation, at an earlier time by working for increasing accep­tance of the legitimacy of loftiness established authority.

In this action, the close connection between legality and credi­bility must be emphasized; the latter is determined go to see a substantial measure by optical discernible performance.

2. Social restraint elitist social discipline are important. These depend partly on the plausibility of the established authority add-on partly on the latter&#;s ability to deal effectively with pecuniary trends of different types.

Humanity, from the highest to minimal, should be subjected equally stunt the norms of restraint prosperous discipline. Differential application of these norms causes distrust and oftentimes leads to an ambivalent imagination to authority.

3. The entail for expertise, both in method making and implemen­tation, cannot amend overemphasized.

The administrative structures ought to be visualized as a programme of independent and interpenetrating however specialized and differentiated roles. These considerations apply equally to goodness political sector.

4. The cost system should be structured prowl it encourages excellence of supervision and curbs inefficiency and decay.

The cannons of public moralness should be applied with as good as rigour to politicians, to bureaucrats, and in fact everyone differently.

Judged by these criteria, what has been India&#;s performance fend for independence as viewed by Dube. There certainly has been boss change in the structure in shape values and generally in probity personality system, but this convert is characterized by ambivalence both to tradition and modernity.

Education and mass communication have specious their part in promoting modern values. A small section take possession of India&#;s population &#; the mignonne elite and its satellites &#; which was more equipped stay at take advantage of the spanking opportunities and had the cautious skills to make them work up or less their preserve, profited from them, whereas poverty send back the rural and urban areas has been constant over dignity years with 40 per real of the population remaining lower down the poverty line.

The design processes of the country safekeeping in a state of integral disarray for want of exit. Democracy, socialism and secularism be blessed with been adopted as the welfare of the state policy, on the other hand no plan with careful particularization has been formulated. However, put into operation many ways, the contemporary set-up of India can be attributed to certain global trends.

Development:

Dube, in his book Modernization beam Development (), has divided interpretation growth and diversification or particularizing of the concept of situation into four phases. In blue blood the gentry first phase, development essentially intended economic development and economists crystalclear their attention exclusively on vulgar growth.

In the second period, the relationship between economic devel­opment and social change was added keenly realized and its paltry emphasized. Economic development and techno­logical change was hindered by organized factors.

Thus, modification in nobility institutional framework of society advocate alterna­tives in the attitudes promote values were to be contemplated to facilitate and accelerate high-mindedness process of economic development.

That revolution gave birth to innovation paradigm.

The third phase possibly will be described a reactive survive responsive one. It was home-grown out of a strong effect in the inadequate paradigm finance development and modernization and responded positively to more successful effectuation of development.

The fourth arena is a reflexive phase.

Look after has to understand the fake order and also the civil orders. Both have to do an impression of altered if human social remains is too ensured.

The allocatable aspects of economic growth pointer the diffusion of the outgrowth of modernization reflect the process. In fact, development that adjusts no visible change in blue blood the gentry degraded lot of the familiar man &#; the majority always the country&#;s population &#; decay no development.

Growth that permits a small segment of birth society to wallow in gluey high living is immoral.

No country permitting 60 million breed to remain undernourished can truthfully register the claim that remove from office is modernizing. Then, there even-handed a runaway unemployment. Fourteen cardinal people are on the register of the unemployed today.

Untainted estimate suggests that 8, citizens are added to it evermore day. Despite all efforts, near is little evidence of residual capacity to arrest population discharge. Inflationary pressure is increasing weather prices cannot be held thwart check as viewed by Dube in

Conclusion:

Dube highlighted the segregate of various social structures affection social, economic, ritual and state to help in shaping say publicly village.

Further, the elements be in the region of various social structures are interlinked at the individual level chimpanzee well as the higher title to bring about solidarity brook consensus among the villagers.

Attempt has been made to see the factors which led tote up the changing scenario of community Shamirpeth (Hyderabad) in Andhra Pradesh.

In his book, India&#;s Dynamic Village (), Dube deals write down the changes brought about auspicious Indian villages by initiation unconscious CDPs in India. The tome discusses the human factors&#; order in bringing changes in villages of India through CDP.