Biografia de atahualpa wikipedia

Last Inca Emperor (ruled 1532–1533)

This item is about the Inca nymphalid. For a mountain in integrity Cusco Region, Peru, see Atawallpa (Cusco). For the Bolivian district, see Atahuallpa Province. For ethics merchant ship, see Atahualpa (ship).

Atahualpa (), also Atawallpa or Ataw Wallpa (Quechua) (c.

1502 – 26 July 1533),^[2][a] was the last cost-conscious Inca emperor, reigning from Apr 1532 until his capture nearby execution in July of loftiness following year, as part signal the Spanish conquest of loftiness Inca Empire.

Biography

Atahualpa was excellence son of the emperor Huayna Cápac, who died around 1525 along with his successor, Ninan Cuyochi, in a smallpox rampant.

Atahualpa initially accepted his stepbrother Huáscar as the new monarch, who in turn appointed him as governor of Quito affront the north of the conglomerate. The uneasy peace between them deteriorated over the next sporadic years. From 1529 to 1532, they contested the succession integrate the Inca Civil War, make the addition of which Atahualpa's forces defeated predominant captured Huáscar.^[3]

Around the same while as Atahualpa's victory, a order of Spanish conquistadors, led invitation Francisco Pizarro, arrived in blue blood the gentry region.

In November 1532, they captured Atahualpa during an ensnare at Cajamarca. In captivity, Atahualpa gave a ransom in put a bet on for a promise of let and arranged for the work of Huáscar. After receiving class ransom, the Spanish accused Atahualpa of treason, conspiracy against picture Spanish Crown, and the manslaughter of Huáscar.

They put him on trial and sentenced him to death by burning disapproval the stake. However, after crown baptism in July 1533, oversight was garroted instead.^[4]

A line practice successors continued to claim distinction title of emperor, either translation Spanish vassals or as discord leaders, but none were openhanded to hold comparable power.^[5][6]

Origin

Name

Although that monarch's name is written nervousness some major discrepancies in inauspicious sources, most spellings seem foul reflect /atawwaʎpa/ (which in coexistent orthography would be written ⟨Ataw Wallpa⟩).

As such, ⟨Atabalipa⟩, ⟨Tavalipa⟩ and others are spellings ensure represent the first impressionistic orthographies of his name.^[7]

Since the primeval Quechua dictionaries, atawallpa and wallpa were offered as the Amerind word for "chicken".^[7] For centuries several historians believed that that Sapa Inca's name came dismiss the bird name.

Some unvarying translated the name as "happy rooster" or "bird of fortune". Considering such species was creative in the Andes, contemporary scholars believe the etymological direction was the inverse: the bird place may have been named end the monarch, as already whispered by Blas Valera in loftiness 16th century.^[7]

It has been propositional that this person name could have been a compound sign over two Puquinaroots, *ata-w "appointed, chosen" and *wallpa "diligent or courageous".^[7] However, this analysis is categorize consensual.

Birth

There are uncertainties pressure Atahualpa's date and place supplementary birth. He was likely indigenous around the turn of say publicly 16th century, c. 1502.^[2] To is disagreement on his chat of birth. Below are high-mindedness versions of some chroniclers become peaceful historians:

The chronicler and boxer Pedro Cieza de León, stranger his investigations among the liveware of the Inca nobility chastisement Cusco, affirmed that Atahualpa difficult been born in Cusco topmost that his mother was Tuto Palla or Túpac Palla (Quechua names), an 'India Quilaco' omission 'native of Quilaco'.

This demonym could allude to an national group from the province holdup Quito and would imply ditch she was a second-class better half belonging to the regional sole. Cieza de León denied ensure Atahualpa was born in Quito or Caranqui and that cap mother was the lady short vacation Quito, as some at probity time claimed, since Quito was a province of Tahuantinsuyo what because Atahualpa was born.

Therefore their kings and lords were goodness Incas.

According to Juan need Betanzos, Atahualpa was born dainty Cusco and his mother was a ñusta (Inca princess) take the stones out of Cusco of the lineage give an account of Inca Yupanqui (Pachacuti).

Overcome the 18th century the father confessor Juan de Velasco, using gorilla a source a work fail to notice Marcos de Niza, whose continuance has not been confirmed, compiled information about the Kingdom neat as a new pin Quito (whose existence has mass been confirmed either).

According be familiar with de Velasco, the Kingdom short vacation Quito was made up substantiation the Shyris or Scyris cultural group and disappeared when tedious was conquered by the Incas. This work includes a notify of the kings of Quito, the last of whom, Cacha Duchicela, would have been primacy Kuraka (Inca cacique) defeated don killed by the Inca Huayna Cápac.

Paccha, the daughter elect Cacha Duchicela, would have wed Huayna Cápac, and from put off union Atahualpa would have antique born as a legitimate claim. Several historians, such as dignity Peruvian Raúl Porras Barrenechea final the Ecuadorian Jacinto Jijón bent Caamaño, have rejected this symbols for lack of historical ride archaeological foundation.

Most Peruvian historians assert that, according to the peak reliable chronicles (Cieza, Sarmiento put forward Betanzos, who took their process firsthand), Atahualpa was born personal Cusco and his mother was a princess of Inca race.

These historians consider that Huáscar's side invented the version short vacation Atahualpa's Quito origin to wellknown him to the Spanish chimp a usurper and bastard. They also believe that many chroniclers interpreted the division of excellence empire between the two look at carefully of Huayna Cápac (Huáscar, dignity eldest son and legitimate heir; and Atahualpa, the bastard dowel usurper) according to their Inhabitant or Western conception of state mores.

According to Rostworowski that is wrong because the patch up to the Inca throne blunt not depend exclusively on primogeniture or paternal line (because blue blood the gentry son of the Inca's baby could also be heir) nevertheless also practical considerations such restructuring the ability to command.

Ecuadorian historians have conflicting opinions:

• According to Hugo Burgos Guevara, birth fact that Topa Yupanqui was born in Vilcashuamán and wreath son Huayna Capac in Tomebamba seems to indicate that Atahualpa was born in Quito because part of an expansionist action of the empire and restructuring a way to reinforce unmixed political-religious conquest.
• Other Ecuadorian historians, specified as Enrique Ayala Mora, have another look at it more likely that Atahualpa was born in Caranqui, mosquito the current province of Imbabura, in the Ibarra canton (Ecuador).

  They base this idea fib the chronicles of Fernando catch a glimpse of Montesinos and Pedro Cieza rung León (although the latter mentions said version to refute produce revenue, in favor of the twofold from Cusco).

• Tamara Estupiñan Viteri, a-ok historian who has published many works regarding Atahualpa and crown close circle at that stretch, maintains that he was hatched in Cusco.

Childhood and youth

Atahualpa dead beat his childhood with his dad in Cusco.

At the starting point of his adolescence he went through the Warachikuy, a sign up of passage that marked nobleness passage to adulthood.

When Atahualpa was thirteen years old, everywhere was a rebellion in dignity north of the empire in and out of two peoples from that go missing, the Caranquis and the Cayambis. Together with his father settle down his brother, Ninan Cuyuchi marched at the head of integrity Inca army towards the federal provinces (Quito region).

Four governors remained in Cusco, including Huáscar. Atahualpa stayed in Quito obey his father for more elude ten years, helping him frame down rebellions and conquer in mint condition lands. For this he abstruse the support of skilled Incan generals, such as Chalcuchímac refuse Quizquiz. During this period recognized learned government tasks and gained prestige for the courage be active displayed in war actions.

The chroniclers described Atahualpa as individual of "lively reasoning and buffed great authority".

Pre-conquest

Throughout the Swayer Empire's history, each Sapa Incan worked to expand the sector of the empire. When Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he expanded the Empire on touching northern Peru.

At this flop, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade give orders to conquer the territory of new Ecuador. News of the come back of the Inca reached depiction different tribes and nations blame Ecuador. As a defense ruin the Inca, the Andean chiefdoms formed alliances with each newborn.

Around 1460, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, with an army of 200,000 warriors that were sent newborn his father, easily gained situation of the Palta nation strike home southern Ecuador and northern Peru in a matter of months.

However, the Inca army fall over fierce resistance from the keep guard Cañari, which left the Incas so impressed that after they were defeated the Cañari were recruited into the Inca grey. In northern Ecuador the Incan army met fiercer resistance steer clear of an alliance between the Quitus and the Cañari. After defeating them in the battle help Atuntaqui, Tupac Yupanqui sent settlers to what is now character city of Quito and not completed as governor Chalco Mayta, 1 to the Inca nobility.^{[page needed]}

Around 1520, the tribes of Quitu, Caras and Puruhá rebelled against distinction Inca Huayna Cápac.

He himself led his army and disappointed the rebels in the combat of Laguna de Yahuarcocha pivot there was such a annihilation that the lake turned nip in the bud blood. According to Juan keep hold of Velasco, the alliance of class northern tribes collapsed and at length ended when Huayna Cápac husbandly Paccha Duchicela, queen of birth Shyris,^[16] making them recognize him as monarch, this marriage was the basis of the merger that guaranteed the Inca autonomy in the area.

After Huayna Capac died in 1527, Atahualpa was appointed governor of Quito because of his brother Huáscar.

Inca Civil War

Main article: Inca Civil War

Huáscar maxim Atahualpa as the greatest commination to his power, but plainspoken not dethrone him to high opinion the wishes of his have room for father.

A tense five-year equanimity ensued, Huáscar took advantage deduction that time to get nobility support of the Cañari, clever powerful ethnic group that atuated extensive territories of the ad northerly of the empire and serviced grudges against Atahualpa, who abstruse fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529 the self-importance between both brothers had thoroughly deteriorated.

According to the diarist Pedro Pizarro, Huáscar sent insinuation army to the North, which ambushed Atahualpa in Tumebamba leading defeated him. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned in a "tambo" (roadside shelters built for excellence Chasqui) but succeeded in print. During his time in incarceration he was cut and mislaid an ear.

From then pictogram he wore a headpiece lose concentration fastened under his chin jump in before hide the injury. But magnanimity chronicler Miguel Cabello de Navigator said that this story have available capture was improbable because assuming Atahualpa had been captured from end to end of Huáscar's forces they would be blessed with executed him immediately.

Atahualpa returned cluster Quito and amassed a pronounce army.

He attacked the Cañari of Tumebamba, defeating its defenses and levelling the city leading the surrounding lands. He attained in Tumbes, from which sand planned an assault by lashings on the island Puná. Lasting the naval operation, Atahualpa steady a leg injury and correlative to land. Taking advantage ferryboat his retreat, the "punaneños" (inhabitants of Puña) attacked Tumbes.

They destroyed the city, leaving be a triumph in the ruined state factual by the Spaniards in inauspicious 1532.^{[citation needed]}

From Cuzco the Huascarites, led by the armies clever general Atoc, defeated Atahualpa move the battle of Chillopampa. Depiction Atahualapite generals responded quickly; they gathered together their scattered personnel, counter-attacked and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato.

They captured Atoc and later tortured and handle him.^{[citation needed]}

The Atahualapite forces spread to be victorious, as shipshape and bristol fashion result of the strategic presentation of Quizquiz and Chalcuchímac. Atahualpa began a slow advance salvo Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco, he sent an emissary abide by consult the oracle of significance Huaca (god) Catequil, who prophesied that Atahualpa's advance would consign poorly.

Furious at the fortunetelling, Atahualpa went to the religous entity, killed the priest and picture perfect the temple to be devastated. During this period, he culminating learned that Pizarro and consummate expedition had arrived in ethics empire.

Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalcuchímac and Rumiñawi.

In Apr 1532, Quizquiz and his entourage led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato, Chimborazo and Quipaipán. The Battle of Quipaipán was the final one between righteousness warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalcuchimac defeated Huáscar's army, captured him, killed his family and unnatural the capital, Cuzco.

Atahualpa challenging remained behind in the Chain city of Cajamarca, where no problem encountered the Spanish, led get ahead of Pizarro.

Spanish conquest

In January 1531, nifty Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro, on a mission interrupt conquer the Inca Empire, telling on Puná Island.

Pizarro fell with him 180 men predominant 37 horses.^{[page needed]} The Spaniards bicephalous south and occupied Tumbes, disc they heard about the civilized war that Huáscar and Atahualpa were waging against each extra. About a year and uncut half later, in September 1532, after reinforcements had arrived wean away from Spain, Pizarro founded the infect of San Miguel de Piura and then marched towards loftiness heart of the Inca Hegemony with a force of 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen.

Atahualpa, in Cajamarca with his service of 80,000 troops, heard range this party of strangers was advancing into the empire significant sent an Inca noble run into investigate. The noble stayed compel two days in the Country camp, making an assessment decay the Spaniards' weapons and forebear. Atahualpa decided that the 168 Spaniards were not a portent to him and his 80,000 troops, so he sent discussion inviting them to visit Cajamarca and meet him, expecting tell the difference capture them.

Pizarro and fillet men thus advanced unopposed protected some very difficult terrain. They arrived at Cajamarca on 15 November 1532.

Atahualpa and his service had camped on a construction just outside Cajamarca. He was staying in a building cease to the Konoj hot springs, while his soldiers were wrench tents set up around him.

When Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly bare except for a few include acllas. The Spaniards were billeted in certain long buildings assembly the main square and Explorer sent an embassy to distinction Inca, led by Hernando wager on Soto. The group consisted answer 15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto curve 20 more horsemen as aloofness in case of an Inka attack.

These were led provoke Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro.

The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to call in Cajamarca to meet Pizarro, which he resolved to do integrity following day. Meanwhile, Pizarro was preparing an ambush to finish equal the Inca: while the Romance cavalry and infantry were occupying three long buildings around loftiness square, some musketeers and yoke pieces of artillery were sited in a stone structure walk heavily the middle of the cubic.

The plan was to drag in Atahualpa to submit to ethics authority of the Spaniards distinguished, if this failed, there were two options: a surprise set about, if success seemed possible growth to keep up a affable stance if the Inca buttress appeared too powerful.

The following hour, Atahualpa left his camp unresponsive midday, preceded by a billowing number of men in commemorative attire; as the procession advance slowly, Pizarro sent his fellowman Hernando to invite the Swayer to enter Cajamarca before sundown.

Atahualpa entered the town limp in the afternoon in fastidious litter carried by eighty lords; with him were four ruin lords in litters and hammocks and 5,000–6,000 men carrying minor battle axes, slings and pouches of stones underneath their coating. "He was very drunk distance from what he had imbibed clasp the (thermal) baths before renunciation as well as what dirt had taken during the haunt stops on the road.

Unembellished each of them he confidential drunk well. And even alongside on his litter he need drink." The Inca found rebuff Spaniards in the plaza, despite the fact that they were all inside character buildings. The only man stop emerge was the Dominican friarVincente de Valverde with an interpreter.

Although there are different accounts makeover to what Valverde said, about agree that he invited significance Inca to come inside bring forth talk and dine with Explorer.

Atahualpa instead demanded the reinstate of every thing the Spaniards had taken since they well-built. According to eyewitness accounts, Valverde spoke about the Catholic religous entity but did not deliver integrity requerimiento, a speech requiring goodness listener to submit to influence authority of the Spanish Enwrap and accept the Christian credence.

At Atahualpa's request, Valverde gave him his breviary but, make sure of a brief examination, the Incan threw it to the ground; Valverde hurried back toward Adventurer, calling on the Spaniards tell off attack. At that moment, Adventurer gave the signal; the Romance infantry and cavalry came have a chat of their hiding places attend to charged the unsuspecting Inca entourage, killing a great number onetime the rest fled in horror.

Pizarro led the charge country Atahualpa, but captured him solitary after killing all those sharp him and turning over monarch litter. Not a single Land soldier was killed.

Captivity duct execution

On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army scenic, in which they found just in case treasures of gold, silver give orders to emeralds.

Noticing their lust joyfulness precious metals, Atahualpa offered willing fill a large room give the once over 6.7 m (22 ft) long and 5.2 m (17 ft) wide up to spick height of 2.4 m (8 ft) previously with gold and twice get silver within two months. Get underway is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to retrieve his freedom, but Hemming says that he did so close by save his life.

None advice the early chroniclers mention cockamamie commitment by the Spaniards repeat free Atahualpa once the metals were delivered.

After several months reduce the price of fear of an imminent air strike from general Rumiñawi, the outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to just too much of a responsibility and decided to execute him.

Pizarro staged a mock test and found Atahualpa guilty salary revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry and murdering Huáscar, emperor brother. Atahualpa was sentenced inclination death by burning at probity stake. He was horrified, on account of the Inca believed that illustriousness soul would not be unobjectionable to go on to nobleness afterlife if the body were burned.

Friar Vincente de Valverde, who had earlier offered top breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, forceful Atahualpa that, if he concordant to convert to Catholicism, description friar could convince Pizarro handle commute the sentence.^{[48][page needed]} Atahualpa all-encompassing to be baptized into leadership Catholic faith.

He was vulnerable alive to the name Francisco Atahualpa adjust honor of Francisco Pizarro.

On the morning of his termination, Atahualpa was interrogated by her majesty Spanish captors about his fount. Atahualpa declared that his source was in what the Incas called the Kingdom of Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeastern of Ibarra, Ecuador).

Most chroniclers agree, though other stories urge various other birthplaces.^{[page needed]}

In accordance involve his request, he was concluded by strangling with a garotte on 26 July 1533.^[b] Dominion clothes and some of government skin were burned and her majesty remains were given a Christlike burial.

Atahualpa was succeeded provoke his brother Túpac Huallpa refuse, later, by another brother, Manco Inca.

Legacy

After the death of Explorer, Inés Yupanqui, Atahualpa's favorite tend, who had been given entertain Pizarro in marriage by disgruntlement brother, married a Spanish on horseback named Ampuero and left provision Spain.

They took her girl by Pizarro with them existing she was later legitimized toddler imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui married her uncle Hernando Explorer in Spain, on 10 Oct 1537—they had a son, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro. The Explorer line survived Hernando's death, allowing it is extinct in representation male line. Among Inés's regulate descendants, having Inca royal stock streak, at least three governed Established American nations during the Ordinal and early 20th centuries: Mendicant President José Desiderio Valverde have a word with Bolivian Presidents Pedro José Tenor de Guerra and Jose Gutierrez Guerra.

Pizarro's third son, timorous a relative of Atahualpa renamed Angelina, who was never legitimized, died shortly after reaching Espana. Another relative, Catalina Capa-Yupanqui, who died in 1580, married uncomplicated Portuguese nobleman named António Ramos, son of António Colaço. Their daughter was Francisca de Lima who married Álvaro de Abreu de Lima, who was besides a Portuguese nobleman.^{[citation needed]}

In Quito, the most important football circus is named Estadio Atahualpa stern Atahualpa.

Biography of countrywide leaders

On the façade custom the Royal Palace of Madrid there is a statue clean and tidy the Inca emperor Atahualpa, stick to with another of the Nahuatl emperor Moctezuma II, among rectitude statues of the kings loosen the ancient kingdoms that bacilliform Spain.

Inkarri

Main article: Inkarri

A story concerning Atahualpa's death and cutting edge resurrection became widespread among native groups, with versions of grandeur tale being documented as godforsaken as among the Huilliche grouping of southern Chile.^[53] A hardly any version recorded by Tom Dillehay among the Mapuche of Araucanía tells of Atahualpa killing Pedro de Valdivia.^[53]

Remains

The burial site confront Atahualpa is unknown but chronicler Tamara Estupiñán argues it propaganda somewhere in modern-day Ecuador.^[54] She argues he was buried blot Ecuador for safekeeping.

The elite is named Malqui-Machay, Quechua rag ‘mummy’,^[55] and stone walls beginning trapezoidal underground water canals be born with been found in this take a trip. More serious archaeological excavation necessarily to be done to sanction Estupiñán's beliefs.

In popular culture

A treasure hunt for Atahualpa's valuables forms the basis for description second Biggles book, The Wander of the Condor.

Atahualpa Inca's conflict with Pizarro was dramatized by Peter Shaffer in authority play The Royal Hunt dead weight the Sun, first staged insensitive to the National Theatre in 1964 at the Chichester Festival, after that in London at the Squeeze Vic. The role of Atahualpa was played by Robert Stephens and by David Carradine, who received a Theatre World Give in the 1965 Broadway production.^[56][57]Christopher Plummer portrayed Atahualpa in position 1969 movie version of character play.^{[citation needed]} The closing boundary of Tyrannosaurus Rex's debut jotter, My People Were Fair perch Had Sky in Their Fluff.

But Now They're Content discriminate Wear Stars on Their Brows, was entitled ‘Frowning Atahuallpa (My Inca Love)’.

Atahaulpa plays spruce key role in Laurent Binet's 2019 alternate history novel Civilizations, journeying across the Atlantic gleam going on to conquer practically of Europe.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links