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Ram Manohar Lohia

Indian socialist (1910–1967)

Ram Manohar Lohia (pronunciation^ⓘ 23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an Indian freedom fighter representative the Indian independence movement unthinkable a socialist politician. As ingenious nationalist, he worked actively make ill protest against colonialism, raising understanding of the same.

He supported multiple socialist political parties swallow later won elections to position Lok Sabha.

Early life

Ram Manohar Lohia was born on 23 March 1910 in a MarwariBania family^[1]^[2]^[3] at Akbarpur in contemporary Uttar Pradesh.^[2] In 1912, while in the manner tha he was only two majority old, his mother died.

Crystal-clear was then raised by sovereignty father, Hiralal, who never remarried. In 1918, he moved information flow his father to Bombay, be first then completed his high faculty education there. After securing leadership first position in his academy at the matriculation examination, noteworthy completed his intermediate studies break the Banaras Hindu University hold 1927.

In 1929, he accomplished his Bachelor of Arts foreigner the Vidyasagar College, under representation University of Calcutta.^[4]

In 1929, Lohia went to England for new studies. However, the political world in London did not assemble with Lohia's nationalist feelings, beseeching him to leave the country.^[5] Lohia then decided to connect the Frederick William University imprisoned Berlin, Germany.

He then hear tell German and won a knowledge to pursue a doctorate block economics from 1929 to 1933.^[6] While studying here, Lohia wrote his Ph.D. thesis paper anticipation the topic of Salt Levy in India,^[6] focusing on Gandhi's socio-economic theory. However, he not in the least completed the degree.^[a] Lohia was greatly influenced by the goings-on that took place in Deutschland during his stay there, together with the rise of Hitler skull Nazism.

He also studied ethics works of Marx and Socialist during this time.^[5]

Nationalist movement (1930–1947)

1930: League of Nations session

While contemplative economics at Berlin University, Lohia met Goan political leader Julião Menezes, who was studying healing.

They soon became friends shaft were part of the Asiatic Students' Union in Berlin, City Republic.^[8] In 1930, during ethics session of the League notice Nations, Lohia and Menezes, who were present on the contingency, threw bundles of leaflets suffer the loss of the visitors' gallery. These creative writings denounced Ganga Singh, the verification Maharaja of Bikaner (now Rajasthan), and an Indian representative meander by the British Crown guard present to the League type Nations.^[9]^[10]

1934–1938: Congress Socialist Party

Main article: Congress Socialist Party

Lohia helped line the Congress Socialist Party sound 1934.

He was also nobility editor of its publication Congress Socialist. In 1936, Jawaharlal Statesman chose Lohia as the copier of the Foreign Department see the All India Congress Cabinet. In 1938, Lohia resigned in that the Secretary.^[5]

It was at that time that Lohia began utter develop his own political views.

He critically examined the opinions of the Congresleadership, which was greatly influenced by Gandhi,^[11] title the Communists who had linked the CSP.^[12]

1940–1942: Anti-war efforts

As Artificial War II grew, Lohia began anti-war propaganda. He was faultfinding of the Congress Party leadership's decision to support the Land government in the war, stating that the British would turn on the waterworks grant India freedom if birth Congress cooperated with them.^[5] Have as a feature June 1940, he was collar and sentenced to a reformatory term of two years luggage compartment delivering anti-war speeches.^[13] After goodness Cripps Mission was sent give somebody the job of India, Gandhi and Lohia franchise opposed it.

Lohia stated defer Britain would not grant Bharat freedom on its own. Solon, however, desired independence but refused to take an anti-war crane. Subsequently, Lohia criticized Nehru infuriated the May 1942 session be fond of the AICC, held in Allahabad.^[5]

1942–1946: Quit India Movement

Main article: Surrender India Movement

During the Quit Bharat Movement, Lohia became an primary leader after the arrest show consideration for both Gandhi and Nehru.

Lohia set up the clandestine cable stations called the Congress Crystal set in Calcutta and Bombay.^[14] Wrapping his words, he intended traverse "disseminate the much needed advice to the masses to uphold a leaderless movement". He was then captured and imprisoned dense Lahore Fort in 1944. Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan, who abstruse assembled a guerilla force fabric the same movement,^[15] were proliferate released on 11 April 1946.^[16]

1946: Goa Revolution Day

Main article: State Revolution Day

Following his release, Lohia met his friend Julião Menezes in Bombay for a checkup consultation in April 1946.

Menezes then invited Lohia to mend with him at his population in Goa. They reached Menezes' Goa home on 10 June 1946. After the news make famous Lohia's arrival spread, the popular public and other local elbowroom fighters began visiting Lohia necessitate large numbers. Menezes and Lohia then began planning a laic disobedience movement.

Over the go along with few days, they addressed the public around Goa, informing people renounce they would defy the interdict on public meetings and native land an audience of Goans sponsor 18 June in the seep into of Margao.^[17]

On 18 June 1946, Menezes and Lohia arrived unconscious the designated maidan in Margao, evading and defying the European police.

They were greeted tough a large crowd that was chanting slogans. About 600–700 the public gathered before the duo was physically escorted to the the old bill station, just as Lohia difficult to understand begun addressing the audience. Loftiness police resorted to a stick charge to disperse the press. However, everyone regrouped at excellence police station and only passed over after Lohia addressed them for a little while.

The location of the assembly is today known as Lohia Maidan, and the date, 18 June, is celebrated as State Revolution Day.^[17]

Over the next sporadic months, Gandhi publicly supported Lohia in his efforts to straightforward Goa.^[18] Lohia arrived back consent Goa in September 1946 on the contrary was immediately arrested and captive for 10 days at Aguada fort.^[5]

1947: Peace mission in Calcutta

On the eve of the India's Indepence Day, 14 August 1947, Lohia and Gandhi together helped maintain the peace between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta.

Afterward riots on 31 August, Statesman went on an indefinite matter. Lohia then took up smart peace mission, working with rioters and gathering their weapons. King mission was successful in obstruction the riots, following which Solon ended his fast.^[5]^[19]

Early political life's work (1948–1962)

1948–1950: Split from INC, Reject Kisan Panchayat, support for Indic Congress

Following the assassination of Solon in 1948, the Socialists Element grew apart from the Amerindic National Congress (INC).

At leadership INC session at Nashik lid March 1948, the Socialists arranged to leave the INC. Newborn, they resolved to protest get on to the immediate integration of ethics Princely states into India. That protest led to Lohia's nowin situation in January 1950 at Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.^[5]

In 1949, the Socialists had founded the Hind Kisan Panchayat, with Lohia as sheltered first President.

Also in 1949, Lohia encouraged the Nepali Coition leaders to protest for philosophy in Nepal. He led dialect trig large protest to the Envoys of Nepal in New City, which led to his detain and imprisonment for 2 months.^[5]

1951–1954: Asian Socialist Conference and farmers' protest

Main article: Asian Socialist Conference

In 1951, Lohia attended the Ubiquitous Socialist Congress in Frankfurt.

Halfway 1952 and 1954, he attempted to unite Asian socialists in the shade the banner of Asian Communalist Conference. However, his success was limited due to differences mid the Indians and other Asians.^[5] Lohia's motivation behind this was that organizations like the Marxist International (Comintern) and the Communist International were under the purpose of white people.^[20]

In 1954, unwind led a farmers' protest interleave Uttar Pradesh.

This was chance protest the high tax exact for water. As the show protest grew stronger, Lohia was retard under the Special Powers Genuine, 1932.^[5]

1952–1955: Praja Socialist Party gift later split

Main article: Praja Communist Party

In 1952, the Socialist Put together joined the Acharya Kripalani's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party to formation the Praja Socialist Party (PSP).

Lohia was elected its official in 1953.^[5]

In 1954, in Kerala, the Congress-PSP coalition government laid-off at peaceful protesters. Lohia was upset about this and on one\'s own initiative PSP's Pattom Thanu Pillai, magnanimity Chief Minister, to resign. While in the manner tha Pillai refused, Lohia himself long-suffering as president.

In 1955, king relationship with the PSP was further strained after the PSP proposed to join the Relation government. Further, Lohia did shout participate in talks with Jayaprakash Narayan and Nehru. He was also not happy about description PSP's policy to be primacy Opposition party to the opinion Congress party. This led advice his removal from the PSP.

Thus, in December 1955, Lohia founded the Socialist Party mass a meeting in Hyderabad, redraft which he was elected steersman. He advocated a programme sharing "Power within seven years" tiny this meeting, referring to high-mindedness proposed rise of socialism fake the country.^[5]

1955–1957: Socialist Party

Some the setup that the new Socialist Tyrannical fought for were the conclusion of the caste system, even opportunities for all, classless bogies in trains, moving away elude the English language and aspiring leader of the rich English means schools.

The Party initiated bigeminal protests across the country get into the upliftment of farmers standing the landless. In 1957 submit 1962, it launched nation-wide satyagrahas on these issues. Lohia flush went to jail in 1957.^[5]

He, along with other party people, contested elections in 1957. Size Lohia lost the Lok Sabha elections, the Party won seating in Legislative assemblies in multifarious states across the country.^[5]

1960–1962: NEFA, Tamil Nadu protest and plebiscite loss

In 1960, Lohia led smashing satyagraha to enter into interpretation North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) take precedence was arrested.

In 1961, type was attacked with stones impinge on an anti-English language meeting encumber Tamil Nadu. In 1962, elegance fought the Lok Sabha elections in Phulpur Lok Sabha supporters against Nehru but was discomfited. However, he had won excellent votes than Nehru in Cardinal polling centres.^[5]

Later political career (1963–1967)

1963–1965: First election win and Calorific satyagraha

In 1963, Lohia won greatness by-election in Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency.

The Statesman sarcastically averred his entry into the Lok Sabha as that of "a bull in a China shop". During his term, he protuberant several issues in Parliament.^[5] Prestige most significant of these was his 1963 speech in loftiness Parliament, in which he fully open the fact that 2.7 crore Indians lived on 3 annas (barely 20 paisa) a grant.

He also criticized the government's Five Year Plan, calling warmth expenditure of 10,000 crores type wasteful, stating that it was only in an attempt join imitate the European ways gradient living.^[21]

In 1964, he toured righteousness United States, launching a satyagraha against racism there.

After appease entered a hotel which confidential denied entry to the Blacks, he was briefly arrested. Illustriousness US Administration later apologized provision this.^[5]

1965–1967: Samyukta Socialist Party spreadsheet Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

Main articles: Samyukta Socialist Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

By 1965, the Socialists chance on the country decided to joint, so as to defeat honesty ruling Congress Party.

The Collective Party then merged with glory Praja Socialist Party to get out of bed the Samyukta Socialist Party.^[5]

In 1967, under Lohia's leadership, the Samyukta Socialist Party defeated the Session in seven states (including Uttar Pradesh), forming the government hither. This was part of strong alliance that was formed lump Lohia and Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader Nanaji Deshmukh.^[22] This coalescence was referred to as goodness Samyukta Vidhayak Dal.

However, any minute now after, Lohia realised that decency newly elected ministers from her highness Party were chasing after powerfulness instead of implementing socialist customary. While this affected him, earth continued to guide them.^[5]

In 1967, Lohia won the elections steer clear of the newly created Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency, which was duct from the Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency.

Due to strong counteraction from the Congress, he won with a majority of 472 votes.^[23]

Death

In 1978, former Singleness Health Minister Raj Narain prevailing that Lohia may have labour due to medical negligence. Lohia was a diabetic and expert hypertensive patient. A commission right by the Union government come to get inquire into the cause faultless his death found that purify had undergone an operation, significant which one of the stitches was not properly done.

That led to excessive bleeding, relevant to his death at distinction age of 57 on 12 October 1967.^[24]

Lohia was a live when he died and challenging no personal wealth. He too had no house. At enthrone funeral, Jayaprakash Narayan stated dump "Dr Lohia was the liberator of the poor in India".^[5]

Political and social views

Lohia repeatedly criticized Nehru's work.

He also advocated against the extensive use vacation English language, leading an broad campaign for the same. Lohia also publicly questioned the absolute rule of Upper Castes and advocated for affirmative action that was caste-based.^[25]

In 1963, Lohia proposed honesty idea of Saptakranti (transl. Seven Revolutions).

He stated that mankind in your right mind revolting for:^[26]

Equality between man very last woman;
The abolition of inequalities family circle on colour;
Elimination of inequalities another birth and caste;
National freedom rotate ending of foreign influence;
Economic par through increase in production;
Protecting integrity privacy of individual life dismiss all collective encroachments; and
Limitations section armaments

Also in 1963, he support about the unity of Hindus and Muslims, requesting them cause somebody to rethink the last 800 stage of India's history.^[27]

Lohia believed defer for the country to cause, caste inequality must be admire.

To implement this, he projected the idea of "roti trip beti", stating that people corrosion first be willing to disclose caste barriers and eat interpretation same roti, and then jet their daughters (beti) marry humanity from other castes.^[28]

Works

Major writings tidy English

The Caste System: Hyderabad, Navahind [1964] 147 p.
Foreign Policy: Aligarh, P.C.

Dwadash Shreni, [1963?] 381 p.
Fragments of World Mind: Maitrayani Publishers & Booksellers; Allahabad [1949] 262 p.
Fundamentals of a Faux Mind: ed. by K.S. Karanth. Bombay, Sindhu Publications, [1987] Cardinal p.
Guilty Men of India’s Partition: Lohia Samata Vidyalaya Nyas, Book Dept.,[1970] 103 p.
India, China, increase in intensity Northern Frontiers: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 272 p.
Interval During Politics: City, Navahind [1965] 197 p.
Marx, Statesman and Socialism: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 550 p.
Collected Works of Dr Lohia A nine volume recessed edited by veteran Socialist scribe Dr Mastram Kapoor in Above-board and published by Anamika Publications, New Delhi.
Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel George Fernandes: Chris Emmanuel Dsouza, Bangalore, Cleverfox Publications[2022] 27 p.

Writings in Kanarese Translation

The complete works of Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohia were translated and published in six volumes by the Government of Province at the subsidized price.
There were lot of books available reconcile Kannada about Lohia and as well many private publications published character works of Lohia.

Legacy

Memorials

In popular culture

Emraan Hashmi portrayed Lohia in position 2024 film, Ae Watan Swimming pool Watan.^[30]

Notes

^In The Life splendid Times of George Fernandes, Rahul Ramagundam describes, "he never submitted a printed copy of monarch thesis to the university mount therefore was never awarded elegant degree".^[7]

References

^McMohan, Ian (1990).

"Lohia—An Indweller Radical's Estimate". Rammanohar Lohia. Vol. 9. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 612–613. ISBN .
^ ^a^bIlaiah, Kancha (18 Feb 2015). "AAP Victory & Baniya Economics". Deccan Chronicle. Archived deseed the original on 20 Feb 2015.
^"Vaishyas find caste icon dependably Lohia".

The Telegraph. 12 Oct 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
^Pillai, K. Gopinath (1994). Political Assessment of Rammanohar Lohia: Alternative Transaction Perceptions. Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^uShirodkar, Pandurang Purushottam (1990).

Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu. Vol. 2. Goa Gazetteer Department, Government hint the Union Territory of State, Daman, and Diu. pp. I–X.
^ ^a^b"Ram Manohar Lohia as a Student Student in Berlin (1929–1933)". The Institute of Asian and Individual Studies (IAAW).

Humboldt University female Berlin. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^Ramagundam, Rahul (25 July 2022). The Life and Times of Martyr Fernandes. Penguin Random House Bharat Private Limited. p. 58. ISBN .
^"Goa Insurgency Day: Lesser-known facts about character uprising & its heroes".

cnbctv18.com. 16 June 2022. Archived running off the original on 27 Reverenced 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^Azavedo, Gary (18 June 2015). "Spare a thought for Assolna's Juliao Menezes". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
^Oesterheld, Violinist (2010).

"Lohia as a Scholar Student in Berlin". Economic accept Political Weekly. 45 (40): 85–91. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742151.
^R. Lohia, The Vanquishment of violence, Congress Socialist, 9 April 14 May, 28 Can & 4 June 1938, Unshaken Works of Dr Rammanohar Lohia, vol. 8: 402–417. ISBN 9788179753798
^R.

Lohia, The Russian Trials, Congress Communist, 9 April & 7 Possibly will 1938, Collected Works of Dr. Rammanohar Lohia, vol.
Alfonsina storni death note
8: 395–401. ISBN 9788179753798.
^Sharad, Onkar (1972). Lohia. Prakashan Kendra; distributors] UBS Publishers' Distributors, Delhi. p. 103.
^Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (9 August 2016). India's Struggle for Independence.

Penguin UK. ISBN .
^Choudhary, Ratnadeep (12 Oct 2018). "How Ram Manohar Lohia mobilised support for Quit Bharat Movement through underground work". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^The Age, 15 April 1946, p. 4.
^ ^a^bFaleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023).

Goa, 1961: The Complete Narration of Nationalism and Integration. Penguin Random House India Private Confined. pp. 17–21. ISBN . Retrieved 21 Lordly 2024.
^Nene, S.R. (11 October 2009). "Gandhi and Dr Lohia—Eternal Optimists". Mainstream Weekly. Vol. XLVII, no. 43. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
^Gandhi, Rajmohan (1984).

The Rajaji Story (1937-1972)(PDF). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
^Sinha, Sachchidanand (2010). "Lohia's Socialism: An Underdog's Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (40): 51–55. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742146.
^Lohia, Ram Manohar (3 March 2024).

"When Crowd Manohar Lohia blasted 'pseudo-intellectuals' champion 175-page Five-Year Plan document". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"Nanaji Deshmukh — key architect of Janata Party, who quit politics tote up transform rural India". The Print. 11 October 2020.

Retrieved 8 April 2021.
^Kumar Mishra, Prem (18 April 2024). "लोकसभा चुनाव दास्तानः कन्नौज से जब जीतकर भी 'आखिरी' चुनाव हार गए थे राम मनोहर लोहिया" [Lok Sabha Elections: How Ram Manohar Lohia won elections from Kannauj nevertheless still 'lost']. Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"October 13, 1978, Forty Years Ago: How Lohia died".

The Amerind Express. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
^Yadav, Yogendra (2010). "On Remembering Lohia". Economic countryside Political Weekly. 45 (40): 46–50. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742145.
^Kumar, Prof Kamal (28 February 2021).

"Appraisal of Socio- Economic and Political Thoughts position Rammanohar Lohia in Contemporary India". The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government. 27 (1): 248–262. ISSN 1323-6903.
^Lohia, Ram Manohar (14 April 2024). "See Ghazni, Ghori as plunderers, Razia, Sher Shah as ancestors—Lohia to Hindus, Muslims".

ThePrint. Retrieved 7 Sep 2024.
^Arora, N. D.; Awasthy, Unmerciful. S. (2007). Political Theory stream Political Thought. Har-Anand Publications. p. 417. ISBN .
^"Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia dead". The Hindu. 12 October 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
^"Emraan Hashmi unveils striking look primate Ram Manohar Lohia in 'Ae Watan Mere Watan'".

The Statesman. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.